不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

汽车变速器齿轮修形仿真分析

汽车变速器的关键部件齿轮因其加工和装配质量的影响,工作时容易引起振动噪声大及承载能力降低等问题,而齿轮修形是解决这些问题的有效方法,且成本较低。针对某款汽车变速器,利用Romax对齿轮进行修形分析。结果表明,修形后减小了齿轮的传动误差和最大接触应力,齿面载荷分布更加合理。有效改善了齿轮的传动性能,增加了齿轮寿命。     

Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran

Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

芋疫病空间分布格局及其抽样技术研究

为了进一步提高对芋疫病预测预报,科学指导生产上的防治,应用最小二乘法、频次分布、聚集度指标、m^*-m回归分析和Taylor幂法则等对病株的空间分布型进行了分析。结果表明:当田间芋疫病病株率在0.427~0.513时,病株田间分布属聚集分布;当田间芋疫病病株率在0.720~0.820时,病株田间分布属均匀分布。此外其病株空间分布的基本成分是个体群,病株个体间相互吸引,病株在大田中存在明显的发病中心,且病株个体的空间格局随着病株密度的提高越趋均匀分。在此基础上,提出了Iwao最适理论抽样模型N=232.3783/m-87.9438,并建立序贯抽样模型T₀(N)=0.3689N±1.7177$\sqrt{N}$,即:调查株数N时,若累计病株率超过上界可定为防治对象田,若累计病株率未达到下界时,可定为不防治田,若累计病株率在上下界之间,则应继续调查,直到最大样本数m₀=0.3689时,也即病株率15%,所需抽样数542株止。     

辽西北沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分空间分布特征及间作效应

[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应，从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系，为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象，对0-60 cm土层深度，0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏，全氮、碱解氮很缺乏，全磷缺乏，有效磷含量中等；间作系统在水平方向上，苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区，对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区；在垂直方向上，各养分总体表现出了表聚性，间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层，对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层，对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应，表土层效应更高；与苹果单作、花生单作相比较，间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠，应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥，作物区施入钾肥，以减轻养分竞争，提高养分效应。     

1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律，为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料，利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等，对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征，其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%，揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得，贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型；②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响，全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上；③在年际变化上，降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象，1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a，次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似，整体呈现南部大北部小，夏季大冬季小的趋势，在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。     

土壤中红霉素结合残留在菜心中生物有效性研究

为探究土壤环境中红霉素污染的生物风险,本试验采用¹⁴C示踪技术,选取广东菜心为代表,研究红霉素结合残留的释放、转化及生物有效性,并探讨添加外源有机肥(如鸡粪、活性淤泥)对该过程的影响。结果表明,土壤中红霉素结合残留随着时间推移逐渐释放,在培养45 d时下降至引入量的59.83%,其中15.00%转化为可提态残留;植物根系的吸收和扰动能促进红霉素结合残留的释放和转化(P <0.05);土壤中的红霉素结合残留能够被广东菜心根部吸收并转运至可食部分,转运系数为0.34,表明红霉素结合残留在菜心体内不易向上运输;放射性自显影图片显示,被植物吸收的¹⁴C-红霉素及其放射性衍生物主要集中在叶片和根部;外源添加有机肥(鸡粪和活性淤泥)处理,一方面可抑制结合残留的释放,增加富啡酸中红霉素结合残留的含量(P<0.05),导致土壤中红霉素污染更持久,另一方面可促进植物对土壤中红霉素残留的吸收;腐殖质分级结果显示,红霉素结合残留主要集中在富啡酸中(87.92%~97.21%),并随着时间推移不断释放。本研究结果为科学评价红霉素的生态安全提供了理论支持。     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.     

内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征

为阐明内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征及其与覆膜年限、灌溉类型等的响应关系,该文采用田间取样与室内试验相结合的方法进行了系统研究,分析了研究区地膜覆膜现状,并考虑覆膜年限(覆膜5、10、20 a)及灌水方式(滴灌和畦灌)2个因子,探索了河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、类型、颜色、粒径等赋存特征,并通过扫描电镜、能谱仪等对微塑料表面特征及表面附着物进行观察与分析。结果表明:内蒙古河套灌区不同覆膜年限下(5、10、20 a)土壤中微塑料平均丰度分别为2526.00、4352.80、6070.00个/kg,单层土的微塑料含量最大值(2133.50 ind/kg)出现在覆膜20 a的0~10 cm土层,最小值(678.00个/kg)出现在覆膜5 a的>20~30 cm土层;不同覆膜年限和灌溉类型影响土壤微塑料丰度,滴灌农田微塑料丰度值略大于畦灌农田,在不同土层深度上微塑料丰度值随土层深度增加逐渐减小;微塑料类型主要有纤维类(23.34%)、碎片类(26.31%)、薄膜类(38.57%)和颗粒类(11.78%)等4种,且薄膜类在不同土层占比都较高,微塑料颜色包括黑色、透明、绿色、红色、蓝色等,比例分别为24.56%、23.83%、19.34%、16.52%和15.75%,其中0~10 cm土层中微塑料以黑色为主,占比30.25%,在>10~20、>20~30 cm土层中微塑料以透明为主,占比30.15%和29.23%,粒径则随覆膜年限增加而呈逐渐减少趋势,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料居多,随着覆膜年限的增加,微塑料粒径在0~10、>10~20、>20~30 cm土层间的差异逐渐减小,且粒径大小与灌溉类型无显著关系(P>0.05);微塑料样品表面特征粗糙,呈现不规则孔隙,纤维类、薄膜类和碎片类微塑料均具有较多规则微小孔隙,而颗粒类微塑料表面孔隙则不规则且呈凹凸状,土壤中微塑料的多孔特性造成微塑料比表面积增大,进而增加对土壤中其他污染物和微生物的吸附;微塑料的表面孔隙附着有机体和污染物,表面存在稳定的铁氧化物、稀土元素等,并容易形成有机-无机复合污染效应。研究对于明晰微塑料在河套灌区土壤中的分布现状及危害具有重要意义。